Abstract

A speaker’s or writer’s presupposition shows a prejudice about a conversation opponent or someone being discussed. In this research, a presupposition analysis was conducted to provide information about the assumptions made by the Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim on various occasions in his speech to state his programs. It also aims to provide information to the reader that the intention conveyed by the speaker is precise and clear. Therefore, the authors declare in the various utterances that are delivered and explain the purposes. The data was taken randomly from the Jakarta Post online article about Education for a vulnerable period of one month from November 2, 2019, to December 2, 2019. This study used descriptive qualitative methods in answering questions in the problem statement; they are the explanation about what assumptions are often used by the Minister of Education and Culture and also explain the reasons for the use of these assumptions repeatedly. The assumptions found are lexical, non-factive, and counterfactual presupposition. Assumptions that are often used that aim that the use of certain expressions by the speaker is taken to presuppose other concepts (not stated), the use of certain expressions is made to presuppose the truth of the information said afterward.

INTRODUCTION

Background

This research would like to find out about the types of presuppositions on educational articles in the online edition of The Jakarta Post. Reasons for choosing this topic, because the role of assumptions used in education is important to provide knowledge about what will be agreed by the speaker. This makes the argument that in making knowledge more interesting, the use of prejudice can be a simple concept. Therefore, it is also supported by the opinions of Yingfang [1] mentions that presupposition “A very important presupposition in linguistics particularly is pragmatics frequently used to enhance the effects of persuasion in advertising due to its own special characteristics.”

It indicates that the presupposition has a remarkable effect to do that seeks to draw people’s interest in the details presented by certain statements. In fact, people will pay attention to the arguments as there is a connection between the language of presupposition and ads. Yingfang [1] stated that there are some associations between concept and language of ads. Briefly, it is possible to capture the promotional vocabulary well using presupposition to make a good commercial aimed at persuading listeners. Meanwhile, Yule [2] defines that the presupposition is something that the speaker believes to be the case before making a statement. The speaker claims that the speaker is believed while he/she is thinking about something, and the hearers are conscious of the presumption. It can also be understood that in a conversation, the speaker and the listener share knowledge with each other. Yule [2] also mentions that presupposition is viewed in many discussions of the theory as a partnership between two proposals. So, it means that presupposition will take place when there are two ideas that refer to one another.

The speaker assumes that applying the concept principle will make the claims more interesting to read or listen. Based on the reference above-mentioned studies, this research discusses presupposition forms in articles of the online edition of The Jakarta Post. This research also explores the main premise and causes in the online edition of The Jakarta Post’s educational papers base on the educational column. The Jakarta Post has been selected as a study object since The Jakarta Post in Indonesia’s daily English Newspaper, which has numerous awards and has been defined as “the main daily English newspaper in Indonesia’s English language.” This research focused on examining the assumptions of education article about because it draws the attention of the reader to what is being said by the main speaker in the section. It is also easy to understand for the reader as well as easy to be investigated as new information knowledge.

The previous study used as reference research was written by Fahrus Zaman Fadhly and Ayu Putri Kurnia from the Department of English Education, Universitas Kuningan, Indonesia. The study was entiteld PRESUPPOSITION IN THE JAKARTA POST'S POLITICAL ARTICLES: A PRAGMATICS APPROACH. The result was obtained based on the observation, but it can be inferred that styles of presuppositions have been affected by the causes of the presupposition. For example, the forms and the premise causes are interrelated, the existential premises caused by the definite descriptions; they are in the highest percentage of all. It means the author of the political column of The Jakarta Post used the person’s people, stuff, issues, things to transmit the political informational to the readers. As described in the previous section, words, possessive constructions and some other specific details can be shown.

The research examined the type of presuppositions that is most frequent used in five different articles and why the writers use most frequent the types of presuppositions in The Jakarta Post which took one month edition from November 2^nd 2019 to 2^nd December 2019.

Problem Statement

The presuppositions in the article have different meanings and different objectives in conveying the intentions of the resource persons through the author and for the reader; therefore This research would like to find out the purposes of the authors who wrote this article with their aims and intentions, This research has several problem statements , including:

1. What is the most frequent presupposition found in five education’s articles?
2. Why is the most frequent presupposition used in five education’s articles?

LITERATURE REVIEW

Definition of Presupposition

According to Yule [2], presupposition is viewed in many discussions of the theory as a partnership between two proposals. So, it means that presupposition will take place when two ideas refer to one another. It indicates that the presupposition has a remarkable thing to do that seeks to draw people’s interest in the details presented by certain statements. People pay attention to the arguments as there is a connection between the language of presupposition and ads. Eriyanto [3] stated that presupposition is a proposition received text writer who is ready to be placed in an organization of text as a whole. Word “remember,” “know,” “we all know,” are examples of presupposition.

Types of Presupposition

Yule [2] stated that there are six types of presuppositions, and that explains different assumptions for each kind, including:

Existential Presupposition

Existential Presupposition is the assumption of the entities named by the speaker. For example, when a speaker says, “Tom’s car is new,” it means that presupposition that Tom exists and that he has a car, or it means there is or no the car still there is Tom and new car but different possession.

Factive Presupposition

Factive Presupposition is the assumption that something is valid due to the presence of some verbs such as “know” and “realize” and of phrases involving glad, for example. Thus, when a speaker said that she did not realize someone was ill, the listener can presuppose that someone is ill. Also, when she said “I’m glad it’s over”, it means that it’s truly that it’s over.

Lexical Presupposition

Lexical Presupposition is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood.

For instance:

Joan stopped running (He used to run)

You are late again (You were late before)

In this case, the use of the expressions “stop” and “again” are taken to presuppose another (unstated) concept.

Structural Presupposition

Structural Presupposition is the assumption associated with the use of certain words and phrases. For examples, WH-Question in English are conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that the information after the WH-form (e.g. when and where) is already known to be the case.

For the examples:

1. When did she travel to the India? (she traveled)
2. Where did you buy the book? (you bought the book)

The listener perceives that the information presented is necessarily true rather than just the presupposition of the person asking the question.

Non-Factive Presupposition

Non-Factive Presupposition is an assumption that something is not true. For example, verbs like “dream”, “imagine”, and “pretend” are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true.

For examples:

1. I dreamed that I wish rich. (I am not rich)
2. We imagined that we were in Makassar (we are not in Makassar)

Counterfactual Presupposition

Counterfactual Presupposition is the assumption that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but it is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts. For instance, some conditional structures, generally called counterfactual conditionals, presuppose that the information, in the if-clause, is not true at the time of utterance.

For example:

- If you were my son, I would not allow you to do this. (you are not my son)

METHODOLOGY

A description writes about characteristic features of a particular thing. According to Oshima and Hogue [4], descriptive writing appeals to the senses, so it tells how something looks, feels, smells, tastes, and/ or sounds. According to Creswell [5], Marshall, C. & Rossman [6] Qualitative Research is intended to deeply explore, understand and interpret social phenomena within its natural setting. By using a qualitative researcher methodology, the researcher wants to collect richer information and get more detailed picture of issues, cases or events [7]. The researcher wants to explore the why and how of a situation, not only what, where, when. Just like all scientific research, Qualitative Research is a method that seeks answers to questions and involves the collection of evidence.

To answer the problems, this research used descriptive qualitative methods. To answer the first question, this research will explain about the presuppositions that are often used in each article and then will find out the most frequently used by the author. Then to answer the second question, the writer also uses descriptive qualitative which is used to explain why the writer always uses the type of presupposition. A qualitative descriptive research model is used in this study because this research would like to find out what the most frequent presupposition which is found in five education’s articles and why is the most frequent presupposition used in five education’s articles. This research employed a case study which constitutes a form of qualitative research since it attempted to investigate authentic data of students' recount texts [8]. Then, according to Sugiyono [9] stated that qualitative research has a natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument, dynamic in looking the object, based on a real object, holistic, and there was not influence from others. Likewise, Alwasilah [10] stated that data can be gathered and summarized in a precise and contextual manner during the data interpretation process. By other as, this study uses descriptive qualitative method of data interpretation because it focuses primarily on the identification of types of presupposition.

The data is taken from five articles from education rubric of The Jakarta Post and analyzed using qualitative descriptive method because they are intended to recognized clauses, phrases and are interpreted as words rather than numbers. The data is taken from five different articles that aim to find out what presupposition is most frequent used when the writer wrote the article and why the writer used that type presupposition when using wrote the news. The data used are articles concerning the activities carried out by Nadiem Makarim as Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. The data collection is taken randomly from The Jakarta Post edition 2^nd November 2019 to 2^nd December 2019 [11],[12].

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

Based on five articles taken randomly by the author about the activities and opinions of the Minister of Education and Culture namely Nadiem Makariem explains about modernization and Islamization of education [13] which means about Islamic-based education such as boarding schools which should be a fundamental aspect of preserving the country's tradition of moderate Islam.

Then the article on 'Indonesia is not just Java': Teacher in rural Papua pleads with Nadiem to listen which means that the Minister of Education and Culture should pay attention to Indonesia from the west end in Sabang and the east end, namely the Merauke Island, about the equalization of Education

Then the next article about Indonesian education needs speedy transformation: Nadiem which means the opinion of the Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim who wants to progress and speed the Education process from the curriculum to the teaching methods of teachers to the facilities used.

Then continued with the opinion of the Minister of Education and Culture [14] which is about Equality needs of good teachers, not just apps which means that the use of ICT is considered inevitable in education. However, learning from its actual effects is vital to ensure technology is a complement to the teachers' knowledge and skills. Technologies should not substitute direct coaching. Human-to-human interaction still plays an essential part in shaping teachers' characters and preparedness.

And the last one is about Nadiem's ​​bold vision for education reform lacks detail [15] which means that the Minister of Education and Culture will overhaul the wrong Indonesian Education system to be in accordance with the conditions of students in Indonesia and will strengthen the already good system.

In the five The Jakarta Post articles on Education that have been analyzed, this research found several types of presuppositions used, including:

Lexical Presupposition

Lexical Presupposition is the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning (word) will be understood.

(#001) “NadiemMakarim has repeatedly hinted at possible teaching reform through intensified cooperation”

(#002) “He has stopped short of offering any concrete programs.”

(#003) “ ‘Students can become resilient and be able to get up and try again,’Nadiem said.”

(#004) “The former CEO of Gojek recently received praise for his speech marking” (#005) “National Teachers' Day; I was afraid when I wrote that speech”

(#006) “Nadiem reiterated that he would not make any promises but hinted at a‘quite big program’ in the pipeline that would involve university students going back to schools”

(#007) “The appointment of NadiemMakarim as the education and culture minister has sparked a variety of opinions regarding his capability to undertake educational reform”

(#008) “Nadiem laid out what he believed to be the fundamental problem plaguing Indonesia’s education system”

(#009) “Nadiem suggested several subjects that should become compulsory in the secondary and tertiary education curriculum -- coding, programming, statistics and psychology.”

(#010) “Nadiem admitted in front of hundreds of teachers, as well as representatives of communities and organizations, that he had yet to come up with a solution to these problems.”

Non-Factive Presupposition

Non-Factive Presupposition is an assumption that something is not true. For example, verbs like “dream”, “imagine”, and “pretend” are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true.

(#011) “I was afraid when I wrote that speech. Imagine that I had to express such a personal opinion – Nadiem said”

(#012) “The Finance Ministry, imagine He believed the combination of these subjects is critical and worth-investing for our human capital in the future economy.”

Counterfactual Presupposition

Counterfactual Presupposition is the assumption that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but it is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts. For instance, some conditional structures, generally called counterfactual conditionals, presuppose that the information, in the if-clause, is not true at the time of utterance.

(#013) “Teachers, if certified or deployed in remote areas, receive additional allowances.”

(#014) “So even if the budget is large, with additional funds from the goodwill of other parties, the budget is still deemed insufficient. This means that something is wrong with the way we organize ourselves,- Sri said.”

(#015) “ ‘I will be honest if there's a possibility for success or failure. Everything we do has a chance to be successful or not, but if we don’t try first and step forward, then we will only stay still,’ he said, as quoted by Kompas.”

To explain the first problem statements explained that in the five articles taken randomly by the author about Education shows that the writer uses more lexical presupposition type, found as many as ten sentences that indicate lexical presupposition types.

To answer the second problem statement, this research explains that the activities carried out by the Minister of Education and Culture Nadiem Makarim had already taken place and the use of one form with its asserted meaning was conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another (non-asserted) meaning was understood. In the case of lexical presupposition, the speaker's use of particular expression is taken to presuppose another (unstated) concept, where as in the case of factive presupposition, the use of particular expression is taken to presuppose the truth of information that is stated after it.

CONCLUSION

Based on the type of presuppositions that are often used in random sampling of The Jakarta Post articles on the education column, it is found that the lexical presupposition is found most among the five articles about The Jakarta Post education, then there are non-factive presuppositions, and there are counterfactuals contained in some of the articles. . That shows that the writer wants to explain to the article that this presumption is obtained through speech that is interpreted through affirmation in speech. The difference with the factive presupposition of speech which is a lexical presupposition is stated in an implied way so that the affirmation of the speech presumption can be obtained after the statement of the speech. Then the non-factive explained that this presupposition still allows for a wrong understanding because the use of words is uncertain and still ambiguous or biased. Then the counterfactual explains that the writer wants to explain this presumption to produce an understanding that is the opposite of his statement or contradictions. Conditions that produce presuppositions contain ‘if-clause’ or presuppositions. The results obtained are contradictory from the previous statement.

A cknowledgment

The author would like to thank Allah SWT, Dean of FPIP Umsida, Dr. Akhtim Wahyuni, Chair of the Department of English Education, Yuli Astutik M.Pd, the seminar committee, and all parties not mentioned.

References

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11. The Jakarta Post. 14 November 2019. ‘Indonesia is not just Java’: Teacher in rural Papua pleads with Nadiem to listen. 8 December 2019. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/11/13/indonesia-is-not-just-java-teacher-in-rural-papua-pleads-with-nadiem-to-listen.html
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14. Yulida Pangastuti. 2 November 2019. Equality needs good teachers, not just apps. 8 December 2019. https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2019/11/02/equality-needs-good-teachers-not-just-apps.html
15. [ Ardila Sykriah. 2 December 2019. Nadiem’s bold vision for education reform lacks detail. 8 December 2019. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/02/nadiems-bold-vision-for-education-reform-lacks-detail.html,