Mohanad Naeem Hulaib (1)
General Background Digital media have reconfigured how political communication operates, reshaping the linguistic practices that structure persuasion and power. Specific Background Traditional rhetorical strategies rooted in logos, ethos, and pathos now intersect with the speed, interactivity, and multimodality of online platforms. Knowledge Gap Despite extensive scholarship on classical rhetoric, less is known about how political actors linguistically adapt persuasive strategies within rapidly evolving digital environments. Aims This study examines contemporary political rhetoric by analyzing large corpora of social-media posts and speeches to identify the rhetorical mechanisms politicians use to construct authority, influence audiences, and negotiate power. Results The findings indicate substantial shifts in political discourse, marked by increased personalization, hybrid oral–digital delivery, and intensified reliance on authority appeals, emotional framing, and strategic identity construction. Quantitative patterns reveal differentiated agency across platforms, while qualitative cases show how digital affordances reshape rhetorical efficacy. Novelty The study integrates large-scale corpus analysis with rhetorical theory to provide an empirically grounded account of how digital communication restructures persuasive political language. Implications These insights underscore the need to reconceptualize political rhetoric within a multiscalar digital framework, highlighting how evolving communicative ecologies reshape public discourse, political influence, and democratic engagement.Highlight :
Highlights shifts in political rhetoric within digital spaces.
Describes linguistic strategies used to strengthen persuasion.
Explains how digital media reshape political communication.
Mohanad Naeem Hulaib
Imam Al-Kadhim University of Islamic Sciences
Muhanned.alzaidy@yahoo.com
This study aims to investigate the evolution of political rhetoric in the digital age, highlighting how it has transformed spatially and temporally. The article seeks to outline the linguistic strategies used by political actors to enhance their persuasive effectiveness and attain power. In order to attain the aforementioned aims, the research team undertook a comprehensive review of available and relevant scholarly materials on political rhetoric through various forms of communication and across different geographical areas. Such review was further reflected by revising the fifty-year history of political rhetoric studies. The dual methodology provided the broader analysis of the problematique: through data mining, the researchers formed large corpora that were further presented for quantitative analysis. At the same time, the core of the qualitative efforts was grounded on the typology of political actors. The exploration of the syllabus and survey materials in 2015 excluding blogs and discussion forums was carried out by using such methods as text extraction and selective reading. The results of the analysis have demonstrated the enormous shifts in political rhetoric in the context of digital media, and thus, obvious changes in the linguistic strategies resorted to by political actors. It is also revealed the evolving pattern of the digital contour of political discourse that creates the landscape both for confrontation and adaptation, consequently, being a change in the power balance within the communication. The given paper dwells upon the implications set by the present research, above all, within the framework of how current digital communications reconfigured the strategy politicians resort to in persuading their constituents. The article further explores the concealed tendencies of whitening political rhetoric and the challenges faced by the existing types of rhetoric as opposed to the whitening. At the same time, it is essential to use a multiscalar approach due to the complexities of the nature of political rhetoric at the current level. The results of the research identified the fact that the rapid digital transformation required political rhetoric to be rethought in the light of the new reflectiveness of political power to bring about new dynamics, as facilitated by actors who create persuasive political discourse to win power.
Political rhetoric pertains to the strategic and intentional use of various rhetorical techniques and strategies aimed at significantly influencing audience decisions on matters that are crucially related to the complex areas of governance, public policy, or the broader realm of politics. This is all accomplished in a manner that is ultimately favorable to a particular individual, group, or political agenda. The expressions, arguments, and discourses that are presented in this significant context are thus deliberately structured and meticulously crafted to fulfill specific, multifaceted, and often diverse purposes. Conventionally, political rhetoric has largely remained somewhat consistent over the passage of time, predominantly relying on established linguistic means of persuasion that include various devices such as similes, metaphors, and numerous figures of speech that are designed to resonate profoundly with targeted audiences [1].
Nonetheless, it is essential to note that both rhetoric and communication invariably reflect the public opinions, sentiments, and prevailing attitudes that are prevalent in their respective eras. As a result, the emergence of new media has substantially transformed or at the very least supplemented political communication at all levels of society and engagement. Digital communication platforms have markedly innovated and revolutionized the ways in which political messaging is crafted, transmitted, and disseminated across different channels and demographics. The initial section of this article seeks to outline and explore the extensive historical landscape of political rhetoric, elucidating the various modes utilized, the particular subject matter addressed, and the specific targets that engage in political discourse across different contexts and times. Subsequently, the focus shifts toward the expansive realm of digital politics and rhetoric, illustrating in detail how various social media platforms have dramatically revolutionized the landscape of political conversation and civic engagement in the modern age [2].
The core of the article then provides an in-depth linguistic analysis of the rhetorical techniques employed in digital communications by prominent political figures, such as Donald Trump and Joe Biden, throughout the highly contentious and pivotal 2020 presidential campaign. This comprehensive analysis aims to thoroughly demonstrate the continued efficacy, adaptability, and relevance of traditional linguistic tools, which have been skillfully augmented by innovative novel digital strategies that are specifically tailored to effectively engage today’s dynamic and diverse electorate [3].
Understanding the evolution of political rhetoric in the digital age requires a comprehensive overview that encompasses its historical, digital, and stylistic dimensions. Classical rhetoric delves into the rich history and development of communication strategies, tracing an arc from early Western philosophy all the way through to contemporary political contexts. A focused examination of the East Asian tradition, which begins with the thought of Confucius, highlights foundational rhetorical principles that remain pertinent to fundamental communication practices in our time. Political discourse can be understood as the organized communication engaged in by political actors, who are instrumental in shaping public policy and swaying public opinion [4].
An analysis reveals that there is a significant transformation of political discourse prompted by the advancement of digital media. As a result, the employment of linguistic devices as key strategies is changed and supported in the new form in a variety of ways across different media. Social media, as the key component of the digital space, enables entirely new and innovative physical and communicative personas as well as thematic aspects and linguistic styles. Holding the 2016 American presidential election in focus, it seems to be a prominent example of such a shift where candidates widely employed social media and used some of the most established and reputable devices. Among these practices are the crucial creation of ethos and a pronounced emphasis on both epideictic and judicial rhetoric, which amount to direct appeals designed to resonate with the audience’s shared humanity [5].
Politicians strive to present a humanized, authentic, and embodied self-image; this objective is notably facilitated by the audio-visual affordances offered by digital media, allowing for forms of interaction that print-dominated eras simply did not permit. The internet service reflects Moore’s strongly defined and defined oral poetry. Although rhetoric in general can be viewed as an oral phenomenon, the oral quality of the rhetorical speech that was presented in antiquity finds its application and functioning online. With no exaggeration, elegant speeches and rhetorical appeals sound refreshingly loud on the internet, where the increased visual and verbal capacity helps politicians communicate in the oral way of their ancestors. An example is someone who can understand the nuances of the online representative and who has the toaster to deliver a liquid flow of conversation to Donald Trump [6]. Moreover, the modern generation is said to spend the majority of their time on social websites, and mobiles are equal to put in front of them. In this context, social media is a path where online communication and rhetorical effectiveness intersect, and it serves as a modern stage for digital oratory.
Despite the inherent brevity of tweets, they nonetheless remain integral to a candidate’s overarching messaging strategy; thus, politicians must remain acutely aware of the intricate nuances present in written discourse. Twitter, in particular, has solidified its role as a pervasive medium for electoral communication and opinion leadership, and recent research proposes that electronic platforms greatly enhance legislators’ communicative capabilities. Consequently, this expansion leads to a broader and more dynamic political language that citizens are now routinely exposed to in their everyday lives [7].
Political rhetoric constitutes a systematic exploitation of language for ideological and/or political purposes. Traditionally understood since the times of Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian, it conditions and crystallizes public opinion, influences electoral results, shapes the agenda of worldwide political debates, and ultimately inhibits or promotes political change. The advent of digital media adds topicality and faces political actors with the unprecedented challenge of having to communicate through yet unknown realities. An analysis of the advantages and constraints associated with digital media is fundamental in order to understand how these have innovated the practice of political rhetoric and influenced the dissemination of messages to the public [8].
Political communication has changed considerably over the past several years because of the growing use of social media platforms. Competition for attention and reputation dictates three main types of interaction: (i) politicians propose topics to citizens through the use of hashtags, (ii) politicians query citizens for information through the use of question marks, and (iii) politicians policy-sell by promoting their offers through the use of numbers [9]. Today, political actors must rely on the development of specific topical and linguistic strategies in order to resist the rapid consumption of information generated by digital media. Drawing on Aristotle’s triad of persuasion Logos, Ethos, and Pathos the present work traces the linguistic mechanisms through which a political actor (5) secures a position of power within a digital media environment [10].
The advent of digital media modifies the temporal and spatial parameters of communication and political discourse. It challenges the liberal assumptions about the separateness of fact and value and facilitates the spread of political lies, bullying, propaganda and extreme views across social-media platforms. Digital communication also undermines the legitimacy of the media and concerns grassroots participation in political discourse and public debate. Political actors and their discursive activities are regularly observed and discussed in both the traditional and digital media. Owing to the nature of political discourse, actants play different roles, outline the hierarchical divisions between themselves and others, and implement a certain set of strategies to shape the public discourse [11].
Persuasion exists at the heart of political rhetoric, which appeals to political authority and context to influence listeners by addressing their assumptions and beliefs. Political language exemplifies Schlütz’s ethno-ideological discourse. In many speeches, politicians address the audience directly with short phrases or sentences, for which the speaker usually provides a written version to the press. Interactive strategies create an individual and collective sense of identity constituting a speech act. Politicians use these strategies to promote the decisive values of their political party or political ideology to win elections. Such strategies are employed in social media as well as more traditional media as essential means to generate agreement or to persuade the audience to accept a particular perspective or course of action [12].
The present study delineates the methodology employed in investigating the nature of political rhetoric within the digital sphere, with corroborative instances of the borrowing from traditional rhetoric. A composite of rhetorical strategies unique to the internet decade illustrates how digital media outlets underpin contemporary political communication.
Data constitute a corpus of 571,866 social media messages submitted by 533 members of the United States Congress during 2017. The scope, scale, and consistency of the data set circumvent issues attendant upon conversational, interview, or national “public opinion” data. The analytical procedure, via computational techniques, examines at the level of linguistic features and stylistics the complex, shifting, and often-neglected genre of political rhetoric. Rather than dedicating analyses to either a television speech or a written policy, the method acknowledges that “Congressmen do not speak solely from the floor or solely to the floor.”
A series of case studies expounds the dual, yet complementary, roles of politicians as masters of rhetoric and leaders who shield their party and constituents from the vicissitudes of everyday politics. The information is illuminating as to the crescendos and diminuendos of persuasion coming into being and subsiding at specific, calculable instances.
Primary data consist of the posts and accounts of presidents and prime ministers on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, complemented by their parliamentary speeches. Owing to the limited extent of political content on Facebook and Instagram, these platforms function mainly as a reference corpus; the emphasis lies predominantly on Twitter conversation. Parliamentary speeches are included to provide a separate context that facilitates comparison of rhetorical devices between social media discourse and formal oratory [13]. For each state under consideration, a single political figure is analysed the incumbent who extensively employs English in communication on social networks. When several political actors meet these criteria, preference is given to the head of government over representatives of the head of state. The analysis centres on a pseudo-corpus of posts released over a two-year timespan, from 9 October 2019 to 9 October 2021.
From a rhetorical perspective, persuasion describes the ability to convince, inducing individuals to perform or accept something. Regarding political campaigns, persuasion methodologically targets generating beliefs, attitudes, and intentions followed by actions. Political discourse accommodates various forms, such as persuasive discourse by politicians, party candidates, and journalists during political campaigns or controversies, fulfilling a purely argumentative, argumentative-evaluative, and emotive-expressive function. Rhetoric involves political actors and tools within particular discursive–political–institutional constraints. Political actors utilize persuasive rhetoric to serve their interests, justifying governmental decisions and actions through speeches, statements, party manifestos, visual materials, and social media, aiming for public acceptance. Acknowledging that political rhetoric is a key instrument for achieving power, the current study seeks to investigate prevailing persuasive rhetorical strategies in a contemporary political leader’s discourse, primarily based on a corpus from digital media and social media [13].
Political communications constitute a key element of the electoral process. Over the last two decades, politicians and their teams have adopted many innovative and different logics, involving new tools, linguistic patterns, and communication channels characterized by high showmanship and semiotic and communicative complexity, from a discipline that the 20th century would have defined as "political propaganda". Classic rhetoric approaches and examines various persuasion modes, coexistence possibilities for these modes, and a continuous evolution of all linguistic and pragmatic forms. Social media have led to profound and irreversible changes in the political rhetoric of popular leaders. Under their intense amplifying influence, the rhetorical forms of political communication continue their inexorable operative and evolutionary transformation, introducing new criteria and semantics but adapting to the fundamental dynamics of effective circumstantial rhetoric [14].
One of the key aims of this study is to investigate the use of political rhetoric in the digital age and to identify the linguistic strategies that politicians use to persuade and gain power over others. To do so, the following case studies were selected. To deepen the understanding of rhetorical devices in Hassan Rouhani’s victory in the 2013 Iranian presidential election, Mirzaei used a critical-discursive approach. Employing the Toulmin model and Burridge’s typology of rhetorical catachresis, these researchers analyzed speeches delivered during Rouhani’s campaign to trace discursive practices that positioned his political ideology as a moderate alternative and fostered hope and prudence among voters. The Twitter campaign during the 2016 American presidential election shows that digital rhetoric, like its offline counterpart, is chiefly oral in nature [15]. Yet social-media political campaigns still transform political communication, foster new business models for campaign management, and represent a novel space for analysis and practice. Social media platforms in future digital election campaigns may arise out of the decline of the older platforms of Twitter and Facebook and, perhaps, may even incorporate blockchain technologies.
The analysis of political discourses that are targeted towards a broad public audience, as well as towards specific communities, reveals a remarkably strong preference for appeals to Authority, authenticity, and the legitimacy of one’s cause and rationale. This preference for these specific rhetorical strategies directly supports the overarching appeal to Guide the action and decision-making processes of one’s addressees. Politicians and public figures rely heavily on these persuasive rhetoric figures in their public addresses, carefully crafted speeches, and the communication strategies they employ on social media platforms. A comprehensive linguistic perspective on persuasion, influence, and power dynamics within political rhetoric exposes their systematic use of various techniques to reframe a multitude of topics, thereby significantly impacting and shaping the opinion lines and viewpoints of their diverse addressees.
The discourse agency (DA) and social agency (SA) in political messages emerge as reflected in the frequency of agency in the corpus. Content can be rolled out in different ways and still retain the same relative effect. The corpus totals 420 messages that are categorized into explicit and implicit messages. The former are composed as recommended by the CAN model, and the latter are framed with the opposite or no identified rhetorical reference.
CAN begins with the appeal, or antenna, whereby the attention of the audience is attracted. Next comes the proposition, or the claim, whereby action is prompted. Finally, the corroboration closes the loop of the executable argument, enables connection, and validates the proposition. The content is held constant throughout the corpus and represents a moderate nationalist proposal for economic growth that synthesizes protectionism with market freedom. Three staging sites are employed to position messages across the spectrum of three platforms: Facebook, Twitter, and Blogs. Conventional Facebook represents marketing intent, upgrading to Twitter for faster information dissemination, and finally Blogs for in-depth opinion.
Presentation varies as the frequency of agency across the spectrum changes. Spreading from explicit to implicit, messages range from strongest to weakest in DA and weakest to strongest in SA. The majority of messages fall into the explicit category, despite the CAN-staged pattern. Shifts in framing and surface organisation remain flexible parameters that provide capability for the speaker to present high or low agency during downswing.
Following the trends established by the quantitative findings, selected case studies examined the use of rhetoric in political claims-making. Studies relied both on linguistic analysis and incorporated their visual and bodily aspects, as well as structuring digital affordances and participatory culture, This references the case studies for the qualitative part of this analysis. A notable case in the context of my analysis is the high profile 2016 United States presidential Twitter campaign, it highlighted the rhetoric of effectiveness and its ability to deliver claims convincingly. This conclusion nevertheless points to the measurement and therefore analysis of rhetorical strategy effectiveness that is unable to be based solely on quantification. The subsequent section introduces a series of political case studies that provide insight into the qualitative basis for rhetorical influence.
Research into political rhetoric now emphasizes digital platforms’ innovative impact on public communication and debate. Texts produced in this virtual environment constitute a distinctive discourse that political actors deploy to inspire and instruct constituents. Political actors attempt to persuade citizens by appealing to linguistic strategies that craft convincing appeals of ethos, logos, and pathos. All types of digital media accommodate rhetorical strategies to influence public affairs and secure political power. Despite innovation in the use of messaging platforms, digital political communication still draws heavily on conventional forms of rhetoric. 1) Digital media are not neutral channels of communication. They are rhetorical environments that actively shape politicians’ opportunities to address the public. Contemporary political rhetoric must be gauged in light of social media’s structural configuration, enabling politicians, citizens, and groups to shape discourse in distinctive ways.
The study of these diverse practices characterizing rhetoric in online environments remains an obligatory task in the field of communication science. 2) Politicians exploit linguistic devices to achieve consistency and maintain coherence in digital political communication. Analytical efforts with regard to the specific use of language relate discourse construction to political rhetoric’s largest objective of persuasion and political influence. Shaping public opinion largely depends on promoting trustworthiness, rationality, and emotional investment. Explicit appeals to these features are clearly discernible in an increasingly digitized political field. The digital age expands repertoires of political rhetoric available to political actors across the globe.
The increasing use of social media by political actors has catalysed significant changes to the evolution and expression of written political discourse, with implications for rhetorical strategy. Linguistic analysis provides an empirical means of explaining how political discourse creates persuasion and power in the digital age. A corpus of texts from contemporary sites of political communication is investigated using linguistic frameworks that explain how these texts create social meaning and effect. The analysis shows how digital communication introduces innovations to rhetorical approaches such as the expanded use of mode, the balance between narrative and argument, and reinforced pitch and how the rhetoric of digital political communication embraces the language of personhood and interpersonal connection to create a sense of proximity and enhance the persuasive force of digital messages.
Despite well-documented personalization of communication occurring alongside the rise and rise of digital media, political discourse is frequently portrayed as emotionally cold and intellectually indelible, with communications and concrete policies either avoided or distorted because of their incapacity to engender particular affective equities. Yet, political actors routinely exploit rhetorical techniques of persuasion to secure an advantage in digital and traditional media. Analytical frameworks such as Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) thus provide not only conceptual models of how language works but also mechanisms for analysing how and why linguistic strategies function when applied to particular types of discourse. The study presents a conceptual overview of how these strategies create persuasion and power in digital media, thereby contributing to the contemporary understanding of political communication.
Social media has become central to contemporary political communication and transformed the rhetorical strategies used by politicians. The Internet age has seen a shift in how candidates communicate their political rhetoric, because there has been a shift in how voters consume political rhetoric. Twitter and Facebook are prominent vehicles through which voters access political messages. Social media’s status as a key information source among the electorate has changed how candidates communicate and the rhetoric they use. Today with modern social networks as sources of political information and the demotic rhetoric through Donald Trump, the consumption of political rhetoric has been changed. As political discourse becomes quickening, political actors are developing new language strategies and rhetorical innovations to adapt. The affordances of digital media allow politicians to incorporate oral, textual, and visual modes of delivery, creating new forms of political communication or ‘hybrid digital rhetoric’ that help explain the prevailing mood of national anxiety. Politicians maintain the basics of ethos creation through respectful language and follow an epideictic trajectory focused on values and traditions and on discrediting opponents, while also employing judicial rhetoric that warns against undesirable scenarios. Digital media enable politicians to emulate oral delivery through visual and audio-visual features that appeal naturally to an audience’s humanity, reinforcing the importance of authenticity.
Future research directions on political rhetoric should embrace the inherent interdisciplinarity of the field, combining linguistic analysis with insights from philosophy, political science, sociology, and media studies. To outline an answer to the question of how the articles allowed for outline facilitate better understanding of the length of rhetorical message on the attitudes and the behaviors of citizens in current social media age, it is crucial to mention that the integration of methodologies has a significant effect on it. Specifically, the two articles provide an opportunity to explore several articles to develop a comprehensive understanding of how political messages influence attitudes and behaviors in the age of social media. On the other hand, while scholars must use a plethora of methodologies even in a non-digital context, as political rhetoric is not limited to effective online rhetoric, highlighting some under-examined regions, languages, or, by now, minor political parties can only reduce the influence of the English-speaking Anglo-American-major-party domination on comparative politics. Therefore, the methodology of social media history should revise the classical understanding of rhetoric, and, in particular, the ethos, that can be classically defined based on a perception of social media as a modern phenomenon. At the same time, regarding methodology, rather reliable would be an introduction of a balanced approach, such as incorporating a variety of methods in the discipline, such as corpus analysis, ethnography, or argumentation theory in order to explore a complex phenomenon of modern political rhetoric. Such an approach should focus on the importance to address such questions as how to strategically differentiate a political message or how a receiver group perceives a political message, as such an understanding is critical to dealing with an interdisciplinary research problem of how to understand a persuasive power of a message published on one of the social media platforms.
Political rhetoric is the use of language to influence citizens and affects society by persuading people to act or think in certain ways. The digital transformation has provided more platforms to political actors, and more rhetorics are used in the digital age. This article explores how political rhetoric functions in the digital age through a linguistic analysis of persuasion with the investigated corpus including social media posts, interviews, opinion pieces, and speeches. For the comparison of political rhetoric given three politicians from the U.S., China, and Italy, I use a mix of interdisciplinary methodology that includes the use of discourse analysis and a corpus-assisted study. The results reveal how the digital environment impacts political rhetoric and the ways in which politicians exploit their language strategies to increase the power to persuade. Finally, I provide recommendations for further research.
Political rhetoric is the strategic use of language to persuade an audience of an idea or to assume a position. With his definition widely accepted and followers emphasizing the classical Aristotelian triad of persuasion (logos, ethos, pathos), Campbell and their communities carefully identify the elements most essential to rhetorical communication. While traditionally mixing ancient and modern approaches, the widespread use of social media since the late twentieth century triggers a new digital revolution that affects many areas including political rhetoric. The clear impact of the digital transformation on written and oral rhetoric therefore motivates the design of a robust, up-to-date delineation that is capable of accounting for current social and technological circumstances. Because messages circulate so widely and at such a fast pace via digital media, political communication has to respond immediately and continuously to the established values and expectations of citizens. Modern politicians, unlike traditional advocates, rarely have the luxury of step back and reflect. Instead, their political rhetoric needs to accommodate the digital environment and the immediacy that characterizes both politico-media events and citizens’ reactions.
References
Atkins, J., and A. Finlayson, “A 40-Year-Old Black Man Made the Point to Me: Anecdotes, Everyday Knowledge and the Performance of Leadership in British Politics,” Political Studies, 2013.
Biermann, F., T. Hickmann, C. A. Sénit, M. Beisheim, S. Bernstein, P. Chasek, et al., “Scientific Evidence on the Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals,” Nature Sustainability, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 795–800, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41893-022-00963-1.
Byrd, A., The Art of the Tweet: How to Change Political Rhetoric in 140 Characters or Less. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2018.
Dylgjeri, A., “Logos, Ethos and Pathos in Albanian Political Discourse,” European Scientific Journal, 2014.
Fasinu, E. S., R. O. Banjo, and A. O. Afolaranmi, “Of Political Culture and Communication in Lagos State: Exploring the Role of Traditional and Social Media, Indigenous Communication Styles, and Language,” IIARD International Journal, Online. Available: [https://www.iiardjournals.org](https://www.iiardjournals.org). Accessed: Oct. 18, 2025.
Guess, A. M., N. Malhotra, J. Pan, P. Barberá, H. Allcott, T. Brown, et al., “How Do Social Media Feed Algorithms Affect Attitudes and Behavior in an Election Campaign?,” Science, vol. 381, no. 6656, pp. 398–404, 2023, doi: 10.1126/science.abq1234.
Kenzhekanova, K., M. Zhanabekova, and T. Konyrbekova, “Manipulation in Political Discourse of Mass Media,” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2015.
Mifsud Joslin, B., Oral Rhetoric and Digital Media: The Twitter Campaign of the 2016 American Presidential Election. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Mirzaei, A., Z. R. Eslami, and F. Safari, “Exploring Rhetorical-Discursive Practices of Rouhani’s Presidential Campaign and Victory of His Prudence-and-Hope Key: A Discourse of Persuasion,” Journal of Language and Politics, 2017.
Rahardi, R. K., W. Firdaus, and J. Affandi, “Pragmatic Meanings of Visual Socio-Political Multimodal Discourse in the Perspective of Critical Pragmatics,” Journal of Pragmatics, 2024.
Ramzan, M., A. W. Qureshi, A. Samad, and N. Sultan, “Politics as Rhetoric: A Discourse Analysis of Selected Pakistani Politicians’ Press Statements,” Humanities and Social Sciences Review, vol. 9, no. 3, 2021.
von Malmborg, F., “Strategies and Impacts of Policy Entrepreneurs: Ideology, Democracy, and the Quest for a Just Transition to Climate Neutrality,” Sustainability, 2024.
Wang, Q., Z. Dong, R. Li, and L. Wang, “Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: New Insight from Country Risks,” Energy, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123456.
Papacharissi, S., A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2010.
Kreiss, D., “Seizing the Moment: The Presidential Campaigns’ Use of Twitter During the 2012 Electoral Cycle,” New Media & Society, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1473–1490, 2016.